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Updated: May 25, 2026

Visualizing Non-lytic Exocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans from Macrophages Using Digital Light Microscopy
Published on: October 21, 2014
Non-lytic expulsion/exocytosis of Candida albicans from macrophages
Judith M Bain1, Leanne E Lewis, Blessing Okai
1Immunology and Infection, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
Abstract:
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen and is recognised and phagocytosed by macrophages. Using live-cell imaging, non-lytic expulsion/exocytosis of C. albicans from macrophages is demonstrated for the first time. Following complete expulsion, both the phagocyte and pathogen remain intact and viable. Partial engulfment of hyphal C. albicans without macrophage lysis is also demonstrated. These observations underpin the complexity of interactions between C. albicans and innate immune cells.
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