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Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification of Prions

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The Iowa Articulation Norms Project and its Nebraska replication.

A B Smit¹, L Hand, J J Freilinger

¹Kansas State University, Manhattan.

The Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders

|November 1, 1990

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study provides speech sound acquisition norms for children aged 3-9 in Iowa and Nebraska. Results show demographic factors like location and SES did not affect speech sound development, but sex influenced younger children.

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Area of Science:

Speech-Language Pathology
Developmental Psychology
Linguistics

Background:

Understanding typical speech sound acquisition is crucial for identifying developmental delays.
Existing normative data may not reflect regional variations in child speech development.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish normative data for speech sound acquisition in Iowa and Nebraska.
To identify factors influencing speech sound development in children aged 3-9 years.

Main Methods:

Administered an assessment instrument with photographs and narrow phonetic transcription.
Collected data from stratified samples of children aged 3-9 years in Iowa and Nebraska.
Analyzed data considering demographic variables and acquisition criteria.

Main Results:

Demographic variables (population density, SES, state) did not significantly impact speech sound acquisition.
Child's sex influenced acquisition in some preschool age groups.
Acquisition curves indicated recommended ages for phoneme mastery, generally at 90% acquisition.

Conclusions:

Established state-specific speech sound acquisition norms for children aged 3-9.
Highlighted the limited influence of common demographic variables on speech development.
Recommended specific acquisition ages for phonemes, with special attention to /ng/, /s/, and /z/.