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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners
07:52

An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners

Published on: March 13, 2026

Modification site localization scoring: strategies and performance.

Robert J Chalkley1, Karl R Clauser

  • 1University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall N-474A, San Francisco, California 94158, USA. chalkley@cgl.ucsf.edu

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : MCP
|February 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate localization of post-translational modifications in proteomics is crucial. This study reviews current software strategies and evaluation metrics for reliable modification site identification in large datasets.

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Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization
12:11

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Published on: February 27, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners
07:52

An Automated System for Sound Localization Testing in Hearing-Impaired Listeners

Published on: March 13, 2026

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization
12:11

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Published on: February 27, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Proteomics
  • Mass Spectrometry
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Enrichment strategies yield large post-translational modification (PTM) peptide datasets for proteomic analysis.
  • Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is widely used, but PTM site localization remains unreliable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss current software strategies for PTM site localization.
  • To review methods for assessing the performance of these tools.
  • To highlight the need for a standardized false localization rate (FLR) metric.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing software algorithms for PTM site localization.
  • Discussion of performance assessment strategies and metrics.
  • Exploration of methods for representing localization ambiguity.

Main Results:

  • Current PTM site localization methods are often arbitrary and unreliable.
  • A widely accepted FLR metric is needed for consistent performance evaluation.
  • Various approaches for representing localization ambiguity exist.

Conclusions:

  • Improved PTM site localization accuracy is essential for reliable proteomic data interpretation.
  • Standardized FLR metrics will enable consistent comparison of localization algorithms.
  • Further research is needed to develop robust methods for assessing PTM site localization certainty.