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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Nucleoid

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The nucleoid represents a structurally and functionally distinct region within prokaryotic cells, where the cell's DNA and associated proteins are housed. Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus, and the nucleoid facilitates the organization and accessibility of the genetic material within this constraint. The DNA in most bacteria and archaea exists as a single, circular, double-stranded molecule that is highly compacted through supercoiling and interactions with...

Lampbrush Chromosomes

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
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Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization

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Prokaryotic genomes exhibit a streamlined organization of coding and non-coding regions essential for gene expression and protein synthesis. While coding regions contain the genetic instructions for proteins or functional RNAs, non-coding regions regulate the precise transcription and translation of these genes.Coding Regions: Proteins and RNAsThe primary coding regions, known as structural genes, include sequences transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately translated into...

Prokaryotic DNA Replication

Prokaryotic DNA Replication

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
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Replication in Prokaryotes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions

Published on: April 23, 2011

Long-range correlations in prokaryotic chromosomes.

¹Department of Physics, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India. swati@bhu.ac.in

Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics

|February 15, 2012

Summary

This study reveals that bacterial chromosomes, unlike archaeal ones, often exhibit long-range order. This genomic feature is linked to GC content and gene strand bias, not genome size.

Area of Science:

Genomics
Bioinformatics
Computational Biology

Background:

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes display long-range order.
Computational methods like spectral analysis and mutual information are used to study long-range correlations.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the utility of mutual information for detecting long-range order in DNA sequences.
To investigate the factors influencing chromosomal organization and long-range order in prokaryotes.

Main Methods:

Utilized the Information Theoretic measure of mutual information to quantify long-range order.
Defined a metric 'Mu' as the ratio of mutual information at a large distance (100 kb) to that of a randomized sequence.
Performed statistical multivariate analysis correlating genomic features (genome size, GC content, gene strand bias) with long-range order.

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions

Published on: April 23, 2011

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

Published on: May 6, 2010

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions

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Main Results:

A metric 'Mu' was established to indicate the presence of long-range order.
While all archaeal chromosomes are mosaic and lack long-range order, a significant portion of bacterial chromosomes exhibit it.
Long-range order in bacteria correlates with GC content and gene strand bias, but is independent of genome size.

Conclusions:

Mutual information is an effective tool for identifying long-range order in DNA.
Bacterial chromosomal organization is influenced by GC content and gene strand bias, suggesting evolutionary constraints beyond simple randomization.
The presence of long-range order in bacteria, particularly in groups like Firmicutes, is linked to their specific genomic characteristics.