Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The electroretinogram as a means to study the physiology of the retina.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same author

Contrast sensitivity and functional aspects of cone, rod, and melanopsin vision in humans.

Handbook of clinical neurology·2026
Same author

Dystrophin-gene mutation location influences severity of electroretinogram defects in mouse models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

BMC medicine·2026
Same author

Melanopsin's Phototransduction and Spiking Response Are Evident in the Photoreceptor-Directed Multifocal Electroretinogram.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2026
Same author

Electrophysiology of vision: systems and signals.

Vision research·2026
Same author

Correction: ISCEV extended protocol for the photoreceptor directed ERG using full-field silent substitution stimuli.

Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Transretinal ERG Recordings from Mouse Retina: Rod and Cone Photoresponses
08:38

Transretinal ERG Recordings from Mouse Retina: Rod and Cone Photoresponses

Published on: March 14, 2012

Mesopic rod and S-cone interactions revealed by modulation thresholds.

Andrew J Zele1, Jan Kremers, Beatrix Feigl

  • 1Visual Science Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. andrew.zele@qut.edu.au

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision
|February 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals how rod and S-cone cells interact in low light, uncovering linear, probability summation, and novel nonlinear reinforcement mechanisms contributing to the blue-yellow visual pathway.

More Related Videos

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System
09:16

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Published on: May 6, 2015

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors
14:35

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors

Published on: January 5, 2010

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Transretinal ERG Recordings from Mouse Retina: Rod and Cone Photoresponses
08:38

Transretinal ERG Recordings from Mouse Retina: Rod and Cone Photoresponses

Published on: March 14, 2012

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System
09:16

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Published on: May 6, 2015

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors
14:35

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors

Published on: January 5, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Vision science
  • Photoreceptor physiology
  • Color vision

Background:

  • Understanding visual processing in mesopic conditions is crucial.
  • Rod and cone photoreceptor interactions influence color perception.
  • The blue-yellow opponent pathway's mechanisms are not fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze mesopic rod and S-cone interactions.
  • To determine their contributions to the blue-yellow opponent pathway.
  • To identify different types of rod-S-cone interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a four-primary colorimeter to generate stimuli.
  • Measured mixed rod and S-cone modulation thresholds.
  • Varied the phase difference between rod and S-cone modulations with constant L-, M-cone excitation.

Main Results:

  • Identified three distinct interaction types: linear antagonistic rod:S-cone interaction, probability summation, and mutual nonlinear reinforcement.
  • Confirmed linear rod:S-cone interactions within the blue-yellow opponent pathway.
  • Suggested nonlinear reinforcement may originate at the photoreceptor level.

Conclusions:

  • Mesopic rod and S-cone interactions are complex, involving linear and nonlinear processes.
  • Probability summation indicates involvement of different postreceptoral pathways.
  • A novel nonlinear mutual reinforcement mechanism was identified, potentially originating in photoreceptors.