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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...

Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

The Micturition Reflex

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

[Diagnosis of neurogenic bladder dysfunction].

A Kaufmann¹, I Kurze

¹Zentrum für Kontinenz und Neuro-Urologie, Kliniken Maria Hilf GmbH, Mönchengladbach, Viersener Straße 450, 41063 Mönchengladbach, Deutschland. kontinenz-zentrum@mariahilf.de

Der Urologe. Ausg. A

|February 15, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Neurogenic bladder dysfunction significantly impacts patients

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Isolation and Culture of Primary Neurons and Glia from Adult Rat Urinary Bladder

Isolation and Culture of Primary Neurons and Glia from Adult Rat Urinary Bladder

Published on: May 23, 2020

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Isolation and Culture of Primary Neurons and Glia from Adult Rat Urinary Bladder

Isolation and Culture of Primary Neurons and Glia from Adult Rat Urinary Bladder

Published on: May 23, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuro-urology
Neurology
Urology

Context:

Neurogenic bladder dysfunction stems from central and peripheral nervous system lesions.
This condition often leads to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment.
Untreated, it can cause severe complications like renal damage.

Purpose:

To highlight the importance of accurate diagnosis and timely intervention for neurogenic bladder.
To outline essential neuro-urological testing techniques.
To guide the interpretation of these tests for effective patient management.

Summary:

Neurogenic bladder dysfunction, caused by nervous system damage, severely affects daily life.
Accurate diagnosis through specialized neuro-urological testing is crucial.
Lifelong monitoring and management are necessary to prevent complications such as kidney damage.

Impact:

Improves diagnostic accuracy for neurogenic bladder disorders.
Facilitates appropriate and timely therapeutic interventions.
Enhances long-term patient outcomes and quality of life by preventing renal damage.