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On the differential nature of implicit and explicit memory.

A J Parkin1, T K Reid, R Russo

  • 1Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, England.

Memory & Cognition
|September 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary

Implicit memory, measured by fragment completion priming, is unaffected by divided attention during learning, unlike explicit memory (recognition). Repetition timing also differentially impacts implicit and explicit memory performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Implicit and explicit memory are distinct memory systems.
  • Understanding their differences is crucial for cognitive theories.
  • Previous research suggests varying sensitivities to encoding conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide further evidence for the differential nature of implicit and explicit memory.
  • To investigate the impact of secondary processing during learning on memory.
  • To examine the influence of repetition timing on memory retrieval.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using sentence-verification, tone monitoring, recognition, and fragment completion tasks.
  • Experiment 1 manipulated secondary processing demands during initial learning.

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  • Experiment 2 varied the lag between repetitions of target items.

    • Main Results:

    • Explicit memory (recognition) was impaired by secondary processing, while implicit memory (fragment completion priming) was unaffected.
    • Recognition performance was better for items with a longer lag between repetitions.
    • Implicit memory priming was not influenced by the lag between repetitions.

    Conclusions:

    • Implicit and explicit memory differ along dimensions of processing and repetition.
    • These findings support conceptualizations of distinct processing differences underlying these memory systems.
    • The study highlights the robustness of implicit memory to divided attention and repetition variability.