Bioavailability of phenylalanine and aspartate from aspartame (20 mg/kg) in capsules and solution

Aspartame (L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester) was given in capsules or solution to compare the bioavailability of its constituent amino acids, aspartate and phenylalanine. Twenty healthy subjects received a single 20 mg/kg dose of aspartame in capsules or solution in a randomized, crossover design. Plasma amino acid concentrations and the phenylalanine to large neutral amino acid ratios (Phe/LNAA) were determined. Plasma aspartate concentrations did not increase with either treatment. For plasma phenylalanine following capsule ingestion, there was a smaller peak plasma concentration (Cmax; 103.3 v 126.6 mumol/L), a longer time to peak concentration (tmax; 108.6 v 36.6 minutes), but no significant difference in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) (7,656 v 7,200 mumol.min/L) when compared with solution ingestion. The maximum plasma Phe/LNAA ratio was smaller (0.16 v 0.19) with capsules. The changes for plasma tyrosine were similar to those seen with phenylalanine. There were no significant differences in the plasma concentrations of the other LNAAs between capsule and solution ingestion. Thus, given the small effect on phenylalanine Cmax and Phe/LNAA and no effect on the extent of absorption of phenylalanine, aspartame ingested in capsules at doses up to 20 mg/kg is a suitable dosage form for blinded clinical studies, provided that the slower rate of absorption of phenylalanine from capsules is taken into account.