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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Hepatic Drug Clearance: Effect of Protein Binding01:09

Hepatic Drug Clearance: Effect of Protein Binding

Hepatic clearance is influenced by protein binding based on the drug's extraction ratio. Drugs with high extraction ratios are considered flow-limited and remain unaffected by protein binding during hepatic clearance. On the other hand, drugs with low extraction ratios may be impacted by plasma protein binding, although the extent of this influence depends on the fraction of the drug bound.
For low-extraction-ratio drugs that are less than 80% protein-bound, minor changes in protein binding...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
09:29

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

Published on: October 29, 2015

Human apolipoprotein E peptides inhibit hepatitis C virus entry by blocking virus binding.

Shufeng Liu1, Kevin D McCormick, Wentao Zhao

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.

Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)
|February 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) peptides effectively inhibit Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry by blocking viral binding to host cells. These findings suggest apoE peptides as potential novel antiviral drugs targeting HCV entry mechanisms.

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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
13:04

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Drug Discovery
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry is a complex, multi-step process involving host factors, making it a target for antiviral development.
  • Identifying novel inhibitors of HCV infection is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize novel inhibitors of HCV entry.
  • To investigate the potential of apolipoprotein E (apoE) peptides as inhibitors of HCV infection.

Main Methods:

  • Screening of human apolipoprotein E (apoE) peptides for anti-HCV activity.
  • Characterization of the active peptide fragment and its mechanism of action.
  • In vitro cytotoxicity assays and inhibition studies with other viruses (HIV, DENV).
  • Assessment of peptide binding to hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes.

Main Results:

  • A specific apoE peptide (hEP) potently blocked cell culture-grown HCV (HCVcc) entry at submicromolar concentrations with low cytotoxicity.
  • The anti-HCV activity was mapped to a 32-residue region of apoE, requiring an N-terminal cysteine for dimer formation.
  • The peptide's efficacy correlated with its length, sequence, and lipid-binding ability.
  • hEP did not inhibit HIV-HCV pseudotypes, HIV, or Dengue virus infections.
  • ApoE-derived peptides directly inhibited the binding of both HCVcc and patient-derived virus to liver cells.

Conclusions:

  • ApoE peptides demonstrate potent inhibition of HCV infection, suggesting a direct role for apoE in mediating viral entry.
  • ApoE mimetic peptides represent a promising avenue for developing novel HCV entry inhibitors by targeting virus-host interactions.