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Related Concept Videos

Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
Microbial Interactions: Parasitism01:22

Microbial Interactions: Parasitism

Parasitism is a form of microbial interaction in which parasitic microbes exploit a host organism for nutrients and shelter, often at the host's expense. Unlike mutualistic relationships, where both organisms benefit, parasitism benefits only the parasite and harms the host.Classification of ParasitesMicrobial parasites are broadly classified based on their location relative to the host.Ectoparasites remain on the host’s surface, such as the skin or outer tissues, drawing nutrients...
Microbial Interactions: Cooperation01:26

Microbial Interactions: Cooperation

Microbial cooperation involves beneficial interactions in which different species work together for individual or mutual advantage. These interactions can profoundly influence ecological dynamics and evolutionary processes, and they are essential to many pathogenic and symbiotic relationships.Nematode–Bacteria CooperationA striking example is the relationship between the Gram-negative bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila and the parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Juvenile nematodes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Chronic Salmonella Infected Mouse Model
09:01

Chronic Salmonella Infected Mouse Model

Published on: May 31, 2010

Salmonella's long-term relationship with its host.

Thomas Ruby1, Laura McLaughlin, Smita Gopinath

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

FEMS Microbiology Reviews
|February 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Host-adapted Salmonella enterica causes persistent systemic infections, posing public health risks. Understanding how Salmonella evades immune responses is crucial for controlling its spread, especially drug-resistant strains linked to HIV.

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High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages
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High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

Published on: August 11, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Host-adapted Salmonella enterica strains cause persistent systemic infections, presenting significant public health challenges.
  • Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is often linked to HIV infection.
  • Chronically infected individuals can be asymptomatic carriers, contributing to disease transmission through fecal shedding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore Salmonella's mechanisms for evading and modulating host immune responses.
  • To understand how Salmonella persists within the host despite a robust immune response.
  • To investigate the balance between immune-mediated pathogen clearance and host tissue damage.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Salmonella enterica survival strategies within host macrophages.
  • Investigation of Salmonella's modulation of immune cell migration.
  • Review of host-pathogen interactions in chronic Salmonella infections.

Main Results:

  • Salmonella employs diverse strategies to evade and modulate both innate and adaptive immunity.
  • Bacterial survival within macrophages is a key mechanism for immune evasion.
  • Modulation of immune cell migration contributes to Salmonella's persistence.
  • Salmonella persistence relies on a delicate balance between immune clearance and minimizing host tissue damage.

Conclusions:

  • Salmonella's ability to persist relies on sophisticated immune evasion tactics.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is vital for developing effective treatments and control strategies for Salmonella infections.
  • Targeting Salmonella's immune evasion pathways could offer new therapeutic avenues.