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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...

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Updated: May 24, 2026

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation
06:16

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

Published on: May 1, 2021

miRNA goes nuclear.

Vera Huang1, Long-Cheng Li

  • 1Department of Urology and Helen-Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. huangv1@urology.ucsf.edu

RNA Biology
|February 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression. Recent research reveals miRNAs also function within the nucleus, influencing gene transcription through novel mechanisms.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation
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MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as a Novel Detection and Quantification Method
09:06

MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as a Novel Detection and Quantification Method

Published on: October 7, 2025

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09:53

In Vivo Nanovector Delivery of a Heart-specific MicroRNA-sponge

Published on: June 15, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNA molecules.
  • They primarily function as post-transcriptional regulators, affecting mRNA degradation and translation.
  • Emerging evidence indicates miRNAs operate beyond the cytoplasm, including in the nucleus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To focus on the nuclear functions of microRNAs.
  • To discuss recent findings on miRNA-directed transcriptional gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on nuclear miRNA functions.
  • Analysis of miRNA targeting mechanisms in different cellular compartments.

Main Results:

  • miRNAs can regulate gene expression in the nucleus.
  • Novel mechanisms of miRNA-directed transcriptional regulation have been identified.
  • miRNAs target various regions including promoters and gene termini.

Conclusions:

  • Nuclear functions of miRNAs are crucial for gene expression regulation.
  • Understanding these nuclear roles expands the known regulatory capacity of miRNAs.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate these transcriptional mechanisms.