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Related Concept Videos

Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...

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HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries
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Intergenic Polycomb target sites are dynamically marked by non-coding transcription during lineage commitment.

Betül Hekimoglu-Balkan1, András Aszodi, Robert Heinen

  • 1IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.

RNA Biology
|February 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Transcribed Intergenic Polycomb (TIP) sites, a type of non-coding RNA, dynamically regulate Polycomb proteins during cell differentiation. These TIP sites are crucial for coordinating gene networks in lineage commitment.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play roles in Polycomb protein recruitment and gene activation.
  • The dynamic interplay between ncRNA transcription and Polycomb group (PcG) protein recruitment during differentiation is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate dynamic changes in the relationship between ncRNA transcription and PcG protein recruitment during differentiation.
  • To identify and characterize novel PcG-recruiting elements.

Main Methods:

  • Profiling of purified cell populations during murine in vitro neural differentiation.
  • Reporter assays to assess gene repression by transcribed TIP sites.
  • Knockdown experiments to determine the functional role of TIP ncRNAs.

Main Results:

  • Over 50% of regulated intergenic non-coding transcripts correspond to PcG target sites, designated Transcribed Intergenic Polycomb (TIP) sites.
  • The relationship between TIP transcription and PcG recruitment dynamically switches during differentiation, with states of mutual exclusion or co-occurrence.
  • Transcribed TIP sites can repress flanking genes, and TIP ncRNAs are required for gene repression in cis and trans.

Conclusions:

  • TIP transcription ensures coordinated gene network regulation through dynamic switching and PcG protein recruitment during lineage commitment.
  • TIP sites represent a novel class of regulatory elements involved in epigenetic control during development.