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Related Concept Videos

The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
The Retinoblastoma Gene01:20

The Retinoblastoma Gene

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
The first-ever tumor suppressor gene called Rb was identified in retinoblastoma - a rare eye tumor in children. In inherited forms of the disease, a child inherits one defective copy of the Rb gene, which predisposes them to retinoblastoma. However,...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Reconstruct Human Retinoblastoma In Vitro
06:52

Reconstruct Human Retinoblastoma In Vitro

Published on: October 11, 2022

Retinoblastoma.

M Mehta1, S Sethi, N Pushker

  • 1Paediatric Ophthalmology & Oncology Services, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.

Singapore Medical Journal
|February 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinoblastoma, a common childhood eye cancer, requires early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management for survival and vision preservation. Timely treatment is crucial, especially in developing nations where delayed diagnosis leads to high mortality rates.

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Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice
07:55

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Published on: August 4, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Reconstruct Human Retinoblastoma In Vitro
06:52

Reconstruct Human Retinoblastoma In Vitro

Published on: October 11, 2022

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice
07:55

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Published on: August 4, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Retinoblastoma is the most frequent intraocular malignancy in children, posing a significant life-threatening risk.
  • It can be heritable or non-heritable, presenting unilaterally or bilaterally, sporadically or with a family history.
  • Common symptoms include leukocoria (white pupil) and strabismus (crossed eyes).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the diagnosis and management of retinoblastoma.
  • To highlight the importance of globe-preserving treatments.
  • To emphasize the impact of delayed diagnosis on mortality rates, particularly in developing countries.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis involves indirect ophthalmoscopy and advanced imaging techniques.
  • Management is multidisciplinary, focusing on life-saving, globe-salvaging, and vision-preserving strategies.
  • Globe-preserving treatments include neoadjuvant chemotherapy, cryotherapy, laser photocoagulation, transpupillary thermotherapy, brachytherapy, and periocular chemotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Multidisciplinary management aims to save lives, preserve the eye, and maintain vision.
  • A combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and focal treatments is the primary approach for globe preservation.
  • Delayed diagnosis in advanced stages contributes to high mortality, especially in developing countries.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and prompt, multidisciplinary management are critical for a favorable prognosis in retinoblastoma.
  • Effective globe-preserving treatments are available and form the cornerstone of modern management.
  • Addressing diagnostic delays is essential to reduce mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings.