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Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Bone Remodeling and Repair

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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Gross Anatomy of Bone

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The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
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Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Computed Tomography and Optical Imaging of Osteogenesis-angiogenesis Coupling to Assess Integration of Cranial Bone Autografts and Allografts

Computed Tomography and Optical Imaging of Osteogenesis-angiogenesis Coupling to Assess Integration of Cranial Bone Autografts and Allografts

Published on: December 22, 2015

Current and emerging basic science concepts in bone biology: implications in craniofacial surgery.

Adam J Oppenheimer¹, John Mesa, Steven R Buchman

¹Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Hospitals, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0340, USA.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

|February 17, 2012

Summary

Autogenous bone grafting is the standard for craniofacial reconstruction, but limitations exist. Bone tissue engineering offers a promising alternative source for bone regeneration, utilizing scaffolds, signals, and cells.

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Area of Science:

Craniofacial Surgery
Regenerative Medicine
Bone Biology

Background:

Autogenous bone grafting is the gold standard for craniofacial reconstruction.
Limitations include donor site morbidity and risks, with graft survival affected by irradiation, contamination, and poor vascularity.
Pediatric critical-size defects may be limited by donor bone availability.

Purpose of the Study:

To review contemporary and emerging concepts in bone biology.
To discuss implications for craniofacial surgery.
To emphasize current practices, controversies, and future applications of bone graft alternatives.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on bone biology and craniofacial reconstruction.
Analysis of established and emerging bone tissue engineering principles.
Discussion of clinical applications and limitations.

Main Results:

Autogenous bone grafts remain the standard but have significant limitations.
Bone tissue engineering, using scaffolds, signals, and cells, presents a promising alternative.
Vascularization is critical for the success of all bone graft strategies.

Conclusions:

Bone tissue engineering offers a potentially limitless source of autogenous bone for craniofacial reconstruction.
Surgeons must understand the risks and benefits of bone graft alternatives.
Future applications focus on regenerative craniofacial surgery using tissue engineering components.