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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice
07:20

Studies on the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Xiaoyao Pills in The Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2024

How to manage postmenopausal osteoporosis?

J J Body1

  • 1Department of Medicine, CHU Brugmann Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. jean-jacques.body@chu-brugmann.be

Acta Clinica Belgica
|February 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This review summarizes osteoporosis treatments, including calcium, vitamin D, hormone therapy, bisphosphonates, teriparatide, strontium ranelate, and denosumab, highlighting their fracture risk reduction efficacy and potential side effects.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Osteoporosis is a condition of reduced bone mass and disrupted bone architecture, leading to increased fracture risk.
  • Effective therapeutic agents are crucial for managing postmenopausal osteoporosis and preventing fractures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current therapeutic agents for osteoporosis.
  • To summarize their efficacy in reducing fracture risk and discuss potential adverse effects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical trials and studies on osteoporosis treatments.
  • Analysis of data on fracture risk reduction and safety profiles of various agents.

Main Results:

  • Combined calcium and vitamin D show an 18% reduction in non-vertebral fractures.

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Published on: August 23, 2024

  • Bisphosphonates demonstrate significant reductions in vertebral (41%-70%) and non-vertebral (25%-39%) fractures.
  • Teriparatide and denosumab show substantial decreases in vertebral fracture risk (65% and 68%, respectively).

    • Conclusions:

    • Multiple therapeutic options exist for osteoporosis, with varying efficacy in reducing vertebral and non-vertebral fractures.
    • Potential side effects, though rare, require consideration, such as atypical femoral fractures with bisphosphonates.
    • Ongoing research explores novel therapeutic targets for osteoporosis management.