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Related Concept Videos

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
Cytoskeletal Linker Proteins - Plakins01:09

Cytoskeletal Linker Proteins - Plakins

Plakins are large proteins with binding domains for microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and membrane-associated protein complexes at cell junctions. Plakin functions are evolutionarily conserved and are primarily involved in organizing the different components of the cytoskeleton by crosslinking them to each other and connecting them to the cell-matrix and cell adhesion complexes. They are also known to interact with signal transducers, serve as scaffolds for signaling...
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Assessing Cellular Target Engagement by SHP2 (PTPN11) Phosphatase Inhibitors
08:45

Assessing Cellular Target Engagement by SHP2 (PTPN11) Phosphatase Inhibitors

Published on: July 17, 2020

PAKs in human disease.

Perry M Chan1, Ed Manser

  • 1sGSK Group, A-Star Neuroscience ResearchPartnership, Singapore, Singapore.

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
|February 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

P21-activated kinases (PAKs) regulate cell shape and growth. New PAK inhibitors offer potential treatments for cancer, brain disorders, and viral infections by targeting PAK mechanisms.

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In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila
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In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila

Published on: August 20, 2019

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Assessing Cellular Target Engagement by SHP2 (PTPN11) Phosphatase Inhibitors
08:45

Assessing Cellular Target Engagement by SHP2 (PTPN11) Phosphatase Inhibitors

Published on: July 17, 2020

In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila
06:41

In Vivo Functional Study of Disease-associated Rare Human Variants Using Drosophila

Published on: August 20, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • P21-activated kinases (PAKs) are key effectors of Ras-related small GTPases in growth factor signaling.
  • PAKs regulate cell proliferation, polarity, and actin cytoskeleton dynamics, influencing morphogenetic processes.
  • PAKs are implicated in critical human health areas: cancer, brain function, and viral infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms and targets of PAKs in cancer, brain function, and viral infections.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of PAK inhibitors in these disease contexts.
  • To highlight the importance of PAK biology and the impact of novel inhibitors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on PAK signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of PAK involvement in cellular processes and disease pathogenesis.
  • Discussion of the potential applications of PAK inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • PAKs play diverse roles in cell proliferation, polarity, and plasticity.
  • PAKs are crucial in cancer, neurological function, and viral pathogenesis.
  • PAK inhibitors show promise for arresting tumor growth, combating infections, and inducing apoptosis.

Conclusions:

  • PAKs are central regulators of cellular processes with significant implications for human health.
  • Targeting PAKs with selective inhibitors presents a promising therapeutic strategy for various diseases.
  • Further research into PAK biology, particularly in the brain, is warranted.