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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Celiac disease and hypothyroidism.

Dan Collins1, Rebecca Wilcox, Muriel Nathan

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Vermont/Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, USA.

The American Journal of Medicine
|February 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patients with hypothyroidism and undiagnosed celiac disease require higher levothyroxine doses. Treating celiac disease improves levothyroxine absorption, reducing dosage needs. Further research on celiac screening in these patients is recommended.

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Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Hypothyroidism is common in patients with celiac disease.
  • Levothyroxine malabsorption in this population is not well-studied.
  • The study investigated the influence of celiac disease on levothyroxine dosing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if levothyroxine dosing is affected by the presence and treatment of celiac disease in hypothyroid patients.
  • To assess levothyroxine absorption in patients with coexisting hypothyroidism and celiac disease.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study at an academic medical center.
  • Compared hypothyroid patients with celiac disease (cases) to hypothyroid patients without celiac disease (controls).
  • Assessed levothyroxine dose and weight-based levothyroxine dose before and after celiac disease treatment for cases.

Main Results:

  • Patients with hypothyroidism and celiac disease required higher levothyroxine doses (154 μg vs 106 μg) compared to controls.
  • Weight-based levothyroxine doses were also significantly higher in cases (2.6 μg/kg vs 1.3 μg/kg).
  • Levothyroxine doses decreased significantly after celiac disease treatment (154 μg to 111 μg).

Conclusions:

  • Levothyroxine malabsorption is likely in hypothyroid patients with untreated celiac disease.
  • Celiac disease treatment can improve levothyroxine absorption.
  • Screening for celiac disease in hypothyroid patients with high levothyroxine requirements is warranted.