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Related Concept Videos

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...

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Updated: May 24, 2026

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro

Published on: December 19, 2017

Artificial vision through neuronal stimulation.

Rodrigo A Brant Fernandes¹, Bruno Diniz, Ramiro Ribeiro

¹Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States. rbrant@doheny.org

Neuroscience Letters

|February 21, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Visual prostheses are devices that restore some vision through electrical stimulation. Recent advancements improve visual acuity, enabling blind individuals to read and navigate.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical engineering
Neuroscience
Ophthalmology

Background:

Visual prostheses elicit visual percepts via electrical stimulation of the visual system.
Blindness stems from eye pathology or damage to the visual pathway; retinal and non-retinal prostheses address these.
Retinal prostheses target eye pathologies with intact optic nerves, while non-retinal approaches suit severe optic nerve damage.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current state and advancements in visual prosthesis technology.
To discuss the different approaches and challenges in developing effective visual prostheses.

Main Methods:

Review of existing research and development in visual prosthesis technology.
Analysis of different anatomical targets and stimulation techniques.

Main Results:

Variable success has been achieved in promoting visual sensations through electrical stimulation.
Improvements in visual acuity are linked to electrode number and density.

Conclusions:

Visual prostheses show significant recent development, with improving visual acuity.
Despite limitations, current devices aid blind patients in reading, mobility, and orientation.