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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: August 25, 2014

Olfactory deficits and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.

Teresa Parrao1, Pedro Chana, Pablo Venegas

  • 1Departamento de Neurología Neurocirugía, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. teresa.parrao@uwa.edu.au

Neuro-Degenerative Diseases
|February 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients often experience olfactory deficits and executive dysfunction. This study found a significant link between impaired sense of smell and executive function issues in PD.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
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Published on: August 25, 2014

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

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Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking
07:26

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Published on: September 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory Research

Background:

  • Olfactory deficits and executive dysfunction are known in Parkinson's disease (PD).
  • The direct association between these two impairments in PD requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between olfactory deficits and executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease patients.
  • To compare olfactory and cognitive functions in PD patients versus healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed 44 PD subjects and 17 controls using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and Hoehn and Yahr scale for PD symptoms.
  • Administered a neuropsychological battery for cognitive assessment and the Sniffin' Sticks® test for olfactory function.
  • Evaluated olfactory identification, sensitivity, and detection threshold in both groups.

Main Results:

  • PD subjects exhibited significant deficits in olfactory function and various executive functions compared to controls.
  • A significant correlation was observed between olfactory sensory deficits and executive dysfunction in PD patients.
  • Early-stage PD patients (within 12 months of motor symptoms) showed similar results.

Conclusions:

  • Preliminary findings indicate a significant association between olfactory deficits and executive function impairments in Parkinson's disease.
  • This suggests olfactory testing may offer insights into cognitive status in PD.