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Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...

Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: December 29, 2017

Anticheckpoint pathways at telomeres in yeast.

Cyril Ribeyre¹, David Shore

¹Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Nature Structural & Molecular Biology

|February 21, 2012

Summary

Telomeres cap chromosome ends, preventing DNA damage responses. Researchers found Rif1 and Rif2 proteins are crucial for telomere capping, particularly at shorter telomeres, by blocking DNA damage signaling pathways.

Area of Science:

* Molecular Biology
* Cell Biology
* Genetics

Background:

* Telomeres protect chromosome ends from DNA damage surveillance pathways.
* The precise role of telomeres in cell cycle checkpoint control remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

* To investigate the role of telomeric repeat sequences in DNA double-strand break (DSB) response.
* To characterize the function of Rif1 and Rif2 proteins in telomere capping and checkpoint regulation.

Main Methods:

* Analysis of DNA double-strand break response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with varying telomeric repeat lengths.
* Investigating the roles of Rif1 and Rif2 proteins in telomere capping and DNA damage response pathways.

Main Results:

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* Short telomeric repeat arrays do not induce G2/M cell cycle arrest.
* Rif1 and Rif2 are essential for capping short telomeres but less so for longer ones.
* Rif1 and Rif2 function in parallel pathways to inhibit RPA and Rad24 accumulation, key activators of Mec1 (ATR) checkpoint kinase.
* Rif function is linked to an 'anticheckpoint' effect, promoting recovery at adjacent unprotected DNA ends.

Conclusions:

* Telomeres, particularly when capped by Rif1 and Rif2, actively prevent DNA damage signaling.
* Rif proteins play a critical role in telomere capping by inhibiting checkpoint activation pathways.
* Telomere capping by Rif proteins influences checkpoint recovery at nearby unprotected DNA sites.