Prematurity and low weight at birth as new conditions predisposing to an increased cardiovascular risk

Area of Science:

• Perinatal Medicine
• Cardiovascular Health
• Neonatology

Background:

• Improved survival rates for preterm infants due to advancements in perinatal medicine.
• Preterm birth is linked to various complications, including morphological, neurological, ophthalmological, and renal alterations.
• Emerging evidence links low gestational age and reduced fetal growth to increased cardiovascular risk in preterm neonates.

Purpose of the Study:

• To conduct a comprehensive literature review on prematurity and low birth weight as emerging risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
• To highlight the concept of cardiovascular perinatal programming, where preterm birth influences adult cardiovascular mortality.
• To advocate for early, continuous, and prolonged cardiological follow-up programs for individuals born preterm.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review.
• Analysis of studies focusing on perinatal factors and long-term cardiovascular outcomes.
• Synthesis of evidence on cardiovascular risks associated with prematurity and low birth weight.

Main Results:

• Cardiovascular mortality is significantly higher in adults who were born preterm compared to those born at term.
• Prematurity and low birth weight are identified as significant contributors to increased cardiovascular risk.
• The concept of cardiovascular perinatal programming is supported by existing literature.

Conclusions:

• Individuals born preterm face an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease throughout their lives.
• Early and sustained cardiological follow-up is essential for former preterm individuals.
• Further research and clinical guidelines are needed to address cardiovascular risks stemming from preterm birth and low birth weight.