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The Thoracic Cage: Sternum

The Thoracic Cage: Sternum

The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
The sternum is the elongated bony structure on the anterior side of the thoracic cage. It consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.

The Thoracic Cage: Ribs

The Thoracic Cage: Ribs

Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
Parts of a Typical Rib
A typical rib has a head, neck, and body. The posterior end of the rib is called the head, followed by a narrow neck. The head articulates primarily with the costal facet...

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...

The Hyoid Bone

The Hyoid Bone

The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Surgical Fixation of Sternal Fractures: Preoperative Planning and a Safe Surgical Technique Using Locked Titanium Plates and Depth Limited Drilling

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Published on: January 5, 2015

Bifid sternum.

Sibes Kumar Das¹, Pulak Kumar Jana, Tapan Das Bairagya

¹Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical College, Kolkata, India.

Lung India : Official Organ of Indian Chest Society

|February 21, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bifid sternum, a rare congenital anomaly, is usually asymptomatic at birth but can be diagnosed in adulthood. Surgical correction is recommended in the neonatal period for optimal outcomes.

Keywords:

Bifid sternum congenital anomaly humans

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Area of Science:

Congenital anomalies
Thoracic surgery
Pediatric surgery

Background:

Bifid sternum is a rare congenital anomaly.
It is often asymptomatic at birth and may be associated with other anomalies.
Optimal surgical correction is typically performed in the neonatal period.

Purpose of the Study:

To report a case of bifid sternum diagnosed incidentally in an adult.
To highlight the possibility of late diagnosis in asymptomatic individuals.

Main Methods:

Case report presentation.
Review of relevant literature.

Main Results:

A 23-year-old male was incidentally diagnosed with a bifid sternum.
This case demonstrates that bifid sternum can remain undiagnosed until adulthood.

Conclusions:

Bifid sternum, though typically diagnosed neonatally, can present in adulthood.
Late diagnosis necessitates consideration of surgical or conservative management in adult patients.