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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination01:27

Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination

In organic synthesis, the formation of products can be altered by changing the reaction conditions. For example, a dibromo addition product is formed when propene is treated with bromine at room temperature. In contrast, propene undergoes allylic substitution in non-polar solvents at high temperatures to give 3-bromopropene. In order to avoid the addition reaction, the bromine concentration must be kept as low as possible throughout the reaction. This can be achieved using N-bromosuccinimide...
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism01:18

Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism

Birch reduction uses solvated electrons as reducing agents. The reaction converts benzene to 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The reaction proceeds by the transfer of a single electron to the ring to form a benzene radical anion. This anion is highly basic—it abstracts a proton from the alcohol to form a cyclohexadienyl radical. Another single electron transfer gives the cyclohexadienyl anion. A proton transfer from the alcohol forms 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Since this reduction occurs via radical anion...

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Elucidating the Metabolism of 2,4-Dibromophenol in Plants
06:54

Elucidating the Metabolism of 2,4-Dibromophenol in Plants

Published on: February 10, 2023

4,4'-Dibromo-2-nitro-biphen-yl.

J Josephine Novina, G Vasuki, Sushil Kumar

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |February 21, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the twisted structure of a novel biphenyl derivative, C(12)H(7)Br(2)NO(2). Its crystal structure is stabilized by specific intermolecular interactions, forming chains along the c-axis.

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    Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties
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    Electroactive Polymer Nanoparticles Exhibiting Photothermal Properties

    Published on: January 8, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Biphenyl derivatives are important in various chemical applications.
    • Understanding molecular conformation and crystal packing is crucial for predicting material properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize the crystal structure and conformation of a novel dibrominated nitrobiphenyl compound.
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions responsible for crystal stabilization.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles provided conformational insights.
    • Intermolecular interactions (C-H⋯Br, C-H⋯O) were identified and analyzed.

    Main Results:

    • The title compound, C(12)H(7)Br(2)NO(2), exhibits a significantly twisted biphenyl core with a dihedral angle of 55.34° between the benzene rings.
    • The nitro group is twisted out of the plane of its parent benzene ring by 26.8°.
    • The crystal lattice is stabilized by a network of intermolecular C-H⋯Br and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the c-axis.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed structural analysis of a novel biphenyl derivative.
    • The observed twisted conformation and specific intermolecular interactions dictate the compound's crystal packing.
    • This structural information is valuable for the design of new organic materials with tailored properties.