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Related Concept Videos

Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene01:14

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)
08:46

Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

Published on: November 22, 2016

Propane-1,3-diaminium bis-(perchlorate)-18-crown-6 (1/2).

Min-Min Zhao1

  • 1Ordered Matter Science Research Center, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|February 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details a novel supramolecular complex formed by propane-1,3-diammonium cations and crown ether molecules. Hydrogen bonding interactions drive the self-assembly of this unique crystal structure.

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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene

Published on: March 20, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Crystal Engineering
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Hydrogen Bonding

Background:

  • Supramolecular complexes offer unique structural and functional properties.
  • Crown ethers are known for their ability to complex cations.
  • Propane-1,3-diammonium cations provide hydrogen bond donors for complex assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a novel supramolecular complex.
  • To investigate the role of hydrogen bonding in self-assembly.
  • To explore the structural features of the resulting crystal.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding, was performed.
  • The stoichiometry of the complex was confirmed through structural analysis.

Main Results:

  • A 1:2 supramolecular complex of propane-1,3-diammonium and crown ether was formed.
  • Propane-1,3-diammonium cations act as linkers through N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to crown ether rings.
  • Perchlorate anions interact with the supramolecular complex via weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully demonstrates the formation of a novel supramolecular assembly driven by specific hydrogen bonding interactions.
  • The propane-1,3-diammonium cation plays a crucial role in bridging crown ether molecules.
  • The crystal structure reveals intricate intermolecular interactions that stabilize the complex.