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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview01:07

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

In the presence of an aqueous base and a halogen, primary amides can lose the carbonyl (as carbon dioxide) and undergo rearrangement to form primary amines. This reaction, called the Hofmann rearrangement, can produce primary amines (aryl and alkyl) in high yields without contamination by secondary and tertiary amines.
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism01:26

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism

The Hofmann and Curtius rearrangement reactions can be applied to synthesize primary amines from carboxylic acid derivatives such as amides and acyl azides. In the Hofmann rearrangement, a primary amide undergoes deprotonation in the presence of a base, followed by halogenation to generate an N-haloamide. A second proton abstraction produces a stabilized anionic species, which rearranges to an isocyanate intermediate via an alkyl group migration from the carbonyl carbon to the neighboring...
Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions01:24

Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions

Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
The substrates for acetylation are typically drugs or their metabolites with an amino, sulfonamide, or hydrazine functional group. Acetylation can occur at several points in the drug molecule, including primary, secondary, and...
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors
09:45

Modification and Functionalization of the Guanidine Group by Tailor-made Precursors

Published on: April 27, 2017

3-Acetyl-1-phenyl-thio-urea.

Durre Shahwar, M Nawaz Tahir, Muhammad Mansha Chohan

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |February 21, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    The crystal structure of C(9)H(10)N(2)OS reveals two independent molecules with internal hydrogen bonds. These molecules form a 1D polymer through intermolecular hydrogen bonds, creating a unique crystal network.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Chemical Physics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular interactions and crystal packing is crucial for materials science.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in determining the structural and physical properties of crystalline solids.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(9)H(10)N(2)OS.
    • To analyze the intra- and intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding, within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure.
    • Analysis of hydrogen bond motifs (S(6), R(2)(2)(8), R(2)(2)(12)) and bond parameters.

    Main Results:

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    Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
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    Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

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    Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives
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    Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

    Published on: February 15, 2016

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    Published on: April 27, 2017

    Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines
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    Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

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    Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives
    11:51

    Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives

    Published on: February 15, 2016

  • The crystal structure contains two symmetry-independent molecules, each featuring an intramolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond forming an S(6) ring.
  • The molecules exhibit specific dihedral angles between the benzene rings and acetyl-thio­urea fragments.
  • Intermolecular N-H⋯S and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link molecules into a one-dimensional polymeric network along the [101] direction.
  • A three-center hydrogen bond involving intra- and intermolecular N-H⋯O interactions was identified.
  • A C-H⋯S interaction was also observed in the crystal structure.

    • Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed structural characterization of C(9)H(10)N(2)OS.
    • The identified hydrogen bonding network dictates the formation of a one-dimensional polymer, influencing the material's properties.
    • The findings contribute to the understanding of crystal engineering principles and intermolecular forces in organic solids.