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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Published on: June 29, 2021

An orthographic effect in phoneme processing, and its limitations.

Anne Cutler¹, Chris Davis

¹Language Comprehension Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics Nijmegen, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Psychology

|February 21, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Native English speakers’ phoneme perception is influenced by spelling, rating /s/ sounds higher in S-words than C-words. This spelling effect on phoneme goodness ratings disappeared in non-native speakers and non-word contexts.

Keywords:

orthography phonemes speech recognition spelling strategies top-down versus bottom-up processing

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Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

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Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

Published on: April 1, 2016

Area of Science:

Psycholinguistics
Phonetics
Speech Perception

Background:

Listeners' phoneme perception can be influenced by orthographic information.
The role of lexical knowledge in phonemic decision-making is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of English spelling on the perception of the /s/ phoneme.
To determine whether lexical information affects pre-lexical phoneme processing.

Main Methods:

Three experiments involving phoneme goodness rating tasks with phonetic tokens varying in /s/ sound quality.
Participants included native and non-native English speakers.
Stimuli included real words and non-words, with varying spelling patterns (S vs. C).

Main Results:

Native English speakers rated /s/ tokens higher in words spelled with 'S' compared to 'C'.
This spelling effect was absent in non-native speakers, ruling out acoustic differences.
No spelling effect was observed in non-words, indicating lexical influence rather than obligatory processing.

Conclusions:

Phonemic decisions are influenced by lexical information when convenient, rather than obligatory lexical influence on pre-lexical processing.
Orthographic cues can impact speech perception, particularly for native speakers.
The findings suggest a flexible interaction between lexical knowledge and phoneme perception.