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Related Concept Videos

Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
RNA Stability01:53

RNA Stability

Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Updated: May 24, 2026

Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs
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Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs

Published on: June 27, 2013

Protein localization with flexible DNA or RNA.

Sebastian Bernhardsson1, Namiko Mitarai, Kim Sneppen

  • 1Niels Bohr institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. sebbeb@nbi.dk

Plos One
|February 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Enzyme localization strategies balance diffusion limitations with enhanced cellular activity. Binding to intermediate sites can boost protein function by enabling simultaneous interaction with specific targets, optimizing cellular processes.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cellular processes rely on localized protein activity for efficiency and specificity.
  • Protein localization presents a challenge due to the diffusive nature of molecules within cells.
  • Understanding how proteins achieve localized function is crucial for comprehending cellular mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model the cost-benefit dynamics of enzyme localization strategies.
  • To investigate how binding to intermediate specificity sites influences protein activity.
  • To explore the potential role of such strategies in facilitating localized cellular functions.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a theoretical model to simulate enzyme activity and localization.

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  • Analysis of binding dynamics to sites of intermediate specificity.
  • Mathematical modeling of stochastic motion and simultaneous binding events.

    • Main Results:

    • Binding to intermediate sites, while reducing direct target activity, can enhance overall protein function.
    • Simultaneous interaction with intermediate and specific sites is a key factor in increased protein activity.
    • The proposed localization strategy offers a potential solution to the conflict between diffusion and localized activity.

    Conclusions:

    • Enzyme localization via intermediate binding sites is a viable strategy for enhancing cellular function.
    • This mechanism may explain how proteins achieve efficient and specific activity within sub-cellular compartments.
    • The findings support recent hypotheses regarding long non-coding RNA's role in localizing chromatin modifiers.