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Filtration

Filtration

Filtration is a physical separation process that involves passing a suspension through a porous medium to separate solids from fluids. During filtration, solids collect on the porous medium while liquids, also collectively known as the filtrate, pass through. The filtration medium is selected based on the filtration purpose, quantity, and nature of the precipitate. The general criteria for a suitable filtering medium are that it is inert, mechanically strong, nonabsorbent toward dissolved...

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Separation of Bioactive Small Molecules, Peptides from Natural Sources and Proteins from Microbes by Preparative Isoelectric Focusing (IEF) Method

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Forisome performance in artificial sieve tubes.

Michael Knoblauch¹, Mike Stubenrauch, Aart J E van Bel

¹School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA. knoblauch@wsu.edu

Plant, Cell & Environment

|February 22, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Sieve element occlusion (SEO) proteins, known as forisomes, can effectively plug plant phloem tubes. This study demonstrates their capacity to regulate phloem flow, challenging previous assumptions.

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Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Biochemistry
Physiology

Background:

Sieve element occlusion (SEO) proteins form calcium-dependent contractile bodies called forisomes in legume phloem.
Forisomes are hypothesized to regulate phloem transport by forming reversible sieve tube plugs.
Previous studies questioned forisome function due to their small size and inefficient flow blockage in artificial systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To re-evaluate the capacity of forisomes to plug sieve tubes and regulate phloem transport.
To investigate the conditions influencing forisome deformation and plug formation.
To provide direct experimental evidence for forisome function in blocking flow.

Main Methods:

Improved isolation and storage techniques for forisomes.
Analysis of forisome deformation under various conditions (e.g., Ca(2+), reducing agents, sugar concentrations).
3D reconstruction of forisome plugs.
Microfluidic experiments using artificial sieve tubes and fluorescent dyes to visualize flow blockage.

Main Results:

Forisome deformation under calcium (Ca2+) stimulus was significantly underestimated in previous research.
Forisomes exhibit strong deformation under reducing conditions and high sugar concentrations, mimicking sieve tube environments.
Ca(2+)-induced forisome swelling is sufficient to plug sieve tubes.
Microfluidic experiments demonstrated complete blockage of artificial sieve tubes by Ca(2+)-induced forisome plugs.

Conclusions:

Forisomes are capable of plugging sieve tubes and regulating phloem flow.
The functional capacity of forisomes in vivo is likely significant, contrary to prior doubts.
This research provides direct evidence supporting the role of forisomes in controlling phloem transport.