Multiple subcortical acute ischemic lesions reflect small vessel disease rather than cardiogenic embolism

Multiple acute ischemic lesions in different hemispheres or vascular territories are mainly considered to be of proximal embolic origin. However, despite careful diagnostic work-up, the etiological classification often stays undetermined. We propose that multiple acute ischemic lesions can sometimes be a phenomenon observed in small vessel disease (SVD). From a prospectively collected database of more than 7,000 stroke patients, 173 patients with acute bihemispheric infarction were identified. We analyzed those subjects with multiple small (< 15 mm Ø) subcortical acute ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) and concomitant severe small vessel disease (Fazekas grades II-III) without a proximal embolic source as evaluated by cardiological investigations. Twenty patients (mean age 66 ± 12 years, 12 men) with a mean number of 2.95 ± 1.24 acute lesions on DWI (range of 2-7 lesions per patient) were identified (n = 5 Fazekas II°, n = 15 Fazekas III°). Most of the lesions were located in typical areas of lacunar infarction. The mean NIHSS score on admission was 2.95 ± 2.0 (range 0-8). Multiple acute ischemic lesions in different vascular territories might not always be of proximal cardiovascular embolic origin. Simultaneous small subcortical ischemic lesions may reflect remote ischemia due to small vessel disease reflecting simultaneous hemorheological dysfunction.