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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
Transposons01:24

Transposons

Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

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Maize genetic diversity and association mapping using transposable element insertion polymorphisms.

Tatiana Zerjal1, Agnès Rousselet, Corinne Mhiri

  • 1CNRS, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Génétique Végétale, Ferme Du Moulon, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France. tatiana.zerjal@jouy.inra.fr

TAG. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Theoretische Und Angewandte Genetik
|February 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Miniature Inverted Repeat Transposable Elements (MITEs) are highly polymorphic in maize and can be used as genetic markers. MITEs revealed genetic diversity and were associated with male flowering time, offering new insights into gene regulation and phenotypic variation.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Population Genetics
  • Plant Breeding

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are abundant in the maize genome but underutilized in genetic analyses.
  • Miniature Inverted Repeat Transposable Elements (MITEs) represent a significant, yet largely unexplored, source of genetic variation.
  • Previous studies have not fully leveraged MITE polymorphisms for population genetics or association mapping in maize.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and utilize MITE-derived PCR markers for assessing genetic diversity in maize landraces.
  • To investigate the utility of MITE polymorphisms in population genetic structure analyses.
  • To perform association mapping using MITEs to identify genetic loci influencing phenotypic traits, specifically male flowering time.

Main Methods:

  • Transposon Display technique to isolate polymorphic MITE insertions.
  • Conversion of MITE insertions into PCR-based markers.
  • Genotyping of 322 maize plants from 26 American landraces.
  • Bayesian clustering for population genetic structure analysis.
  • Association mapping in a panel of 367 maize lines for 26 phenotypic traits.

Main Results:

  • Successfully developed 33 polymorphic MITE markers.
  • High genetic diversity was observed, partitioned within and among landraces.
  • Bayesian clustering results aligned with existing SNP and SSR data, validating MITEs as indicators of maize genetic history.
  • A significant association was found between MITE marker ZmV1-9 and male flowering time (+123 degree-days).
  • The associated MITE insertion is located near a Cytochrome P450-like gene, with evidence of linkage disequilibrium with a non-synonymous mutation and homology to a regulatory siRNA.

Conclusions:

  • MITE polymorphisms are valuable markers for maize population genetics and reflect historical genetic patterns.
  • MITEs can be effectively used in association mapping to uncover novel genetic associations with phenotypic traits.
  • The identified MITE-associated flowering time variation near a Cytochrome P450-like gene presents a novel mechanism for phenotypic trait regulation.
  • Further functional validation is warranted to elucidate the role of MITEs and associated genetic elements in maize gene expression and phenotypic variation.