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Related Concept Videos

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease01:25

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the backward flow of stomach contents (acid, pepsin, or bile) into the esophagus, causing mucosal inflammation known as esophagitis. It results from failure of antireflux mechanisms, mainly the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), influenced by mechanical and physiological factors.Etiology and Risk FactorsGERD develops when LES function is weakened or when intra-abdominal pressure increases. Risk factors include aging, obesity, and sliding hiatal hernia,...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease I: Meaning and Pathophysiology

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) involves the recurrent backflow of the stomach or duodenal contents into the esophagus, leading to troublesome symptoms and potential esophageal mucosal damage. Although GERD is often referred to as a disease, it is more accurately described as a syndrome, as it encompasses a range of symptoms and complications rather than a singular pathological entity, impacting a large number of individuals as the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal problem. Roughly...
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
Clinical Manifestations
GERD presents itself in a multitude of ways, with symptoms varying from person to person. The hallmark symptoms are...
Hiatal Hernia01:25

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...
Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure entails...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice
05:19

Surgical Models of Gastroesophageal Reflux with Mice

Published on: August 25, 2015

[Gastroesophageal reflux disease].

Alfredo Larrosa Haro1

  • 1Instituto de Nutrición Humana, Departamento de Clćnicas de la Reproducción Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Infantil, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara, Jal. alfredolarrosaharo@hotmail.com

Gaceta Medica De Mexico
|February 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in infants can cause significant health issues but often resolves by 12 months. Treatments range from positioning and diet changes to medications like proton pump inhibitors and surgery for severe cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Gastroenterology

Context:

  • Physiological gastroesophageal reflux (GER) affects up to two-thirds of infants, typically resolving by 9-12 months.
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is diagnosed when GER causes symptoms like growth impairment, anemia, apnea, or respiratory issues.

Purpose:

  • To outline the diagnosis and management of GERD in infants and children.
  • To differentiate between physiological GER and GERD.
  • To review treatment options including conservative measures, medications, and surgical interventions.

Summary:

  • GERD diagnosis involves upper gastrointestinal series, endoscopy, and pH monitoring; specialized studies may be needed.
  • Conservative GERD management includes prone positioning, altered feeding schedules, and thickened formulas.
  • Pharmacological GERD treatment utilizes proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonists to reduce acid secretion; surgery is reserved for refractory cases.

Impact:

  • Effective management strategies can mitigate complications associated with GERD in pediatric populations.
  • Understanding GERD's natural course and treatment options is crucial for pediatric healthcare providers.
  • This information aids in optimizing care for infants and children suffering from GERD and its associated conditions.