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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
Strategies of Self-Presentation II: Self-Verification01:17

Strategies of Self-Presentation II: Self-Verification

Self-verification is a fundamental psychological drive wherein individuals seek affirmation of their self-concept from others, striving for consistency between their internal self-view and external perceptions. This drive operates even when the self-concept is negative, influencing interpersonal behavior and feedback preferences in complex and often counterintuitive ways. Unlike the self-enhancement motive, which seeks positive evaluations, self-verification prioritizes coherence and...
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
Dark Triad and Person Perception01:29

Dark Triad and Person Perception

Person perception is influenced by both external behaviors and the observer’s internal characteristics, including personality traits. Individuals with dark personality traits, comprising psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism — collectively known as the dark triad – exhibit manipulative and exploitative tendencies in social contexts. These traits affect how they perceive others and how they are perceived.The Role of Dark Personality Traits in Person PerceptionBlack et al. (2014) explored...
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...
Beck's Cognitive Therapy01:25

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy is a psychological approach designed to address distortions in thinking, which can lead to negative emotions and unrealistic beliefs. These cognitive distortions often influence how individuals interpret and respond to situations, exacerbating emotional distress. Below are some prevalent cognitive distortions, their characteristics, and examples of how they manifest in thought processes.
Arbitrary Inference
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test
11:13

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

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Personality retesting for managing intentional distortion.

Jill E Ellingson1, Eric D Heggestad2, Erin E Makarius3

  • 1Department of Management and Human Resources.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
|February 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Retesting flagged individuals on personality questionnaires can improve response accuracy. This strategy is effective when individuals respond more honestly upon retesting, potentially due to emotional reactions.

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Psychological assessment
  • Personality psychology
  • Measurement in psychology

Background:

  • Self-report personality questionnaires often include validity scales to detect response distortion.
  • Administrators lack clear guidelines for using validity scale scores in high-stakes decisions.
  • Intentional distortion aims for a more favorable self-presentation on personality measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the viability of administrator-initiated retesting for managing intentional distortion on personality questionnaires.
  • To determine if retest responses provide more accurate personality assessments compared to initial responses.
  • To explore the emotional impact of retesting as a factor influencing response accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies were conducted to assess the effectiveness of retesting.
  • Initial personality questionnaire scores were compared to scores obtained after retesting.
  • The emotional reactions of individuals to being asked to retest were examined.

Main Results:

  • Retest scores were found to be more accurate representations of personality characteristics compared to baseline measures.
  • The effectiveness of retesting hinges on individuals choosing to respond more accurately during the second attempt.
  • Emotional responses to retesting were explored as a potential driver for improved accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Administrator-initiated retesting appears to be a viable strategy for addressing intentional response distortion in personality assessments.
  • The success of retesting is contingent upon respondents' willingness to provide more truthful answers upon a second attempt.
  • Understanding the emotional and psychological impact of retesting is crucial for its effective implementation.