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Musicians' working memory for tones, words, and pseudowords.

Mariana E Benassi-Werke1, Marcelo Queiroz, Rúben S Araújo

  • 1Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. marianawerke@yahoo.com.br

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Cognitive mechanisms for recalling tones and verbal information differ, especially when recalling sequences backward. Musical training slightly aids tone recall but not verbal recall.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Music Psychology
  • Auditory Perception

Background:

  • Tone recognition studies often use recognition tests, while verbal material studies use serial recall.
  • Existing research lacks direct comparison of cognitive mechanisms for tonal and verbal memory using similar paradigms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate shared cognitive mechanisms between tonal and verbal memory.
  • To compare short-term and working memory for tones and verbal stimuli using self-generated sung responses.
  • To assess the influence of musical expertise and absolute pitch on tonal and verbal memory.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an experimental instrument for tonal memory mirroring verbal digit span tests (forward and backward).
  • Utilized digits, pseudowords, and tones as stimuli.
  • Compared performance of amateur singers, professional singers, and an absolute pitch group across various span tests.

Main Results:

  • Musical schooling showed a slight positive influence on tone recall, unlike verbal material recall.
  • Reproducing melodic contours was easier than recalling exact tone sequences.
  • Backward spans were consistently lower than forward spans for all stimuli.
  • Backward recall of tones was disproportionately more affected than verbal material, irrespective of musical expertise.

Conclusions:

  • Tonal and verbal memory do not entirely rely on the same cognitive mechanisms, particularly for backward recall.
  • Melodic contour processing may be more robust than sequential tone processing.
  • Musical expertise has a limited impact on tonal memory compared to verbal memory, especially under backward recall conditions.