Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antidotes01:17

Antidotes

Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
Specific antidotes operate by inhibiting the enzymes that control biochemical pathways, reducing the production of harmful metabolites.
An example of an antidote is atropine, which counteracts the detrimental effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. It achieves this by deactivating muscarinic receptors,...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is slower than the...
Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies01:26

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies

Treatment strategies for poisoning are a critical aspect of emergency medicine, focusing on preventing the absorption of toxins and enhancing their elimination. When a poisoning incident occurs, the first response is to halt exposure and decontaminate the patient, particularly through gastrointestinal (GI) methods if the poison was ingested.Gastrointestinal Decontamination Techniques:Activated charcoal is the cornerstone of GI decontamination. It works through adsorption, binding the toxin to...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Intraosseous and intravenous vascular access during adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Resuscitation·2026
Same author

Methodology and Conflict of Interest Management: 2025 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations.

Circulation·2025
Same author

Advanced Life Support: 2025 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations.

Circulation·2025
Same author

Executive Summary: 2025 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations.

Circulation·2025
Same author

Part 10: Adult and Pediatric Special Circumstances of Resuscitation: 2025 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.

Circulation·2025
Same author

Executive Summary: 2025 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations.

Resuscitation·2025
Same journal

Therapeutic Applications and Advancements of Exosome-Based Treatments - A Comprehensive Review.

Current pharmaceutical biotechnology·2026
Same journal

Comparative Phytochemical Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of Moringa peregrina and Moringa oleifera against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria.

Current pharmaceutical biotechnology·2026
Same journal

Unveiling Aptamers for Targeted Tumour Therapies and Detection: Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) Technology in Oncology.

Current pharmaceutical biotechnology·2026
Same journal

Nanosuspensions-Based Dry Powder Inhalers for Pulmonary Delivery of Hydrophobic Natural Products: Formulation Strategies, Efficacy, and Challenges.

Current pharmaceutical biotechnology·2026
Same journal

Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Accelerate Diabetic Rat Wound Healing by Inhibiting Pyroptosis through the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD Pathway.

Current pharmaceutical biotechnology·2026
Same journal

Cyperotundone Regulates Polo-like Kinase 1-mediated Glycolysis to Inhibit the Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells.

Current pharmaceutical biotechnology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Captive Maintenance and Venom Extraction of Tityus serrulatus (Brazilian Yellow Scorpion) for Antivenom Production
05:27

Captive Maintenance and Venom Extraction of Tityus serrulatus (Brazilian Yellow Scorpion) for Antivenom Production

Published on: October 6, 2023

Antivenoms for snakebite: design, function, and controversies.

Eric J Lavonas1

  • 1Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, Colorado, USA. eric.lavonas@rmpdc.org

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
|February 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Animal antivenoms have evolved over 100 years, with modern advancements improving safety and efficacy. Production involves balancing cost, purity, and yield for effective snakebite treatment.

More Related Videos

Extraction of Venom and Venom Gland Microdissections from Spiders for Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses
10:25

Extraction of Venom and Venom Gland Microdissections from Spiders for Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses

Published on: November 3, 2014

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects
09:45

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

Published on: April 21, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Captive Maintenance and Venom Extraction of Tityus serrulatus (Brazilian Yellow Scorpion) for Antivenom Production
05:27

Captive Maintenance and Venom Extraction of Tityus serrulatus (Brazilian Yellow Scorpion) for Antivenom Production

Published on: October 6, 2023

Extraction of Venom and Venom Gland Microdissections from Spiders for Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses
10:25

Extraction of Venom and Venom Gland Microdissections from Spiders for Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses

Published on: November 3, 2014

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects
09:45

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

Published on: April 21, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Animal-derived antivenoms have been the standard for snake envenomation treatment for over a century.
  • Recent technological progress has led to highly purified and modified antivenoms, reducing hypersensitivity reactions.
  • Commercial antivenom manufacturing necessitates balancing cost, purity, pharmacokinetic profiles, and production yield.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of antivenom production and development.
  • To highlight controversies and trade-offs in antivenom manufacturing.
  • To examine the balance between enhanced safety and pharmacokinetic performance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on antivenom production.
  • Analysis of technological advancements in antivenom purification and modification.
  • Discussion of manufacturing trade-offs and their impact on safety and pharmacokinetics.

Main Results:

  • Modern antivenoms offer improved safety profiles due to purification and chemical modification.
  • Production processes involve inherent trade-offs impacting final product characteristics.
  • Achieving optimal balance between safety, pharmacokinetics, and production efficiency remains a key challenge.

Conclusions:

  • Continued innovation in antivenom production is crucial for managing snake envenomation effectively.
  • Understanding manufacturing trade-offs is essential for developing next-generation antivenoms.
  • Future antivenom development should focus on optimizing safety, efficacy, and accessibility.