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Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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T Cell Types and Functions

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Screening and Identification of Small Peptides Targeting Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor2 using a Phage Display Peptide Library
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Screening and Identification of Small Peptides Targeting Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor2 using a Phage Display Peptide Library

Published on: September 30, 2019

The peptide growth factor, phytosulfokine, attenuates pattern-triggered immunity.

Daisuke Igarashi1, Kenichi Tsuda, Fumiaki Katagiri

  • 1Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|February 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Phytosulfokine (PSK) signaling attenuates plant immune responses, balancing defense and growth. This research identifies PSK as a key regulator in Arabidopsis thaliana, promoting fitness by dampening excessive immune reactions.

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Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Screening and Identification of Small Peptides Targeting Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor2 using a Phage Display Peptide Library
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Published on: September 30, 2019

Pattern-Triggered Oxidative Burst and Seedling Growth Inhibition Assays in Arabidopsis thaliana
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Pattern-Triggered Oxidative Burst and Seedling Growth Inhibition Assays in Arabidopsis thaliana

Published on: May 21, 2019

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes
10:07

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Plant immunity
  • Plant hormones
  • Molecular plant-pathogen interactions

Background:

  • Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is crucial for plant defense against pathogens.
  • Excessive immune responses can hinder plant growth and development.
  • Mechanisms for attenuating PTI are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of phytosulfokine (PSK) signaling in modulating PTI in Arabidopsis.
  • To identify molecular players involved in balancing plant immunity and growth.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of T-DNA insertion mutants for PSK Receptor 1 (PSKR1) and Tyrosyl protein sulfotransferase (TPST).
  • Assessment of MAMP-triggered defense gene expression and seedling growth.
  • Evaluation of PTI against Pseudomonas syringae.
  • Effect of exogenous PSK application on mutant phenotypes.

Main Results:

  • pskr1 mutants exhibited enhanced MAMP-triggered defense gene expression and growth inhibition.
  • pskr1 mutants displayed increased PTI against Pseudomonas syringae.
  • tpst mutants showed similar enhanced MAMP-triggered growth inhibition, reversible by PSK.
  • PSK signaling via PSKR1 was identified as an attenuator of PTI.

Conclusions:

  • PSK signaling, mediated by PSKR1, plays a critical role in attenuating PTI in Arabidopsis.
  • This hormonal pathway balances immune responses with growth promotion, enhancing plant fitness.
  • Understanding PSK signaling offers insights into managing plant defense and development.