Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 24, 2026

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
Published on: January 29, 2011
[Measurement of carbon dioxide in emergency medicine]
A Timmermann1, J C Brokmann, R Fitzka
1Abteilung Anästhesiologie und Schmerztherapie, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Deutschland. atimmer@web.de
Abstract:
Expiratory carbon dioxide (CO(2)) monitoring is a valuable tool in the prehospital setting. Recent reports of misplaced endotracheal tubes in the prehospital setting make it important to ensure that tube placement is verified by CO(2) monitoring. The Euronorm 2007:1789 made provision of capnometry mandatory for all medical vehicles. However, the frequency of utilization of CO(2) monitoring after securing the airway and in patients with respiratory insufficiency is low. This article covers the terminology, physiology, technology and clinical applications of CO(2) monitoring. Monitoring of cardiac output and the efficiency of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are described and the article also highlights the importance of CO(2) monitoring in patients with severe head trauma as well as restrictive and obstructive pulmonary disorders.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion
The Role of Diffusion in Respiration
Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the respiratory system, this principle...
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
Forms of CO2 Transport
1. Dissolved in plasma: A small percentage (7-10%) of CO2 is transported and dissolved directly in the plasma.
2. Carbaminohemoglobin: Just over 20% of CO2 is chemically bound to...
Acute Respiratory Failure-III
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2 and HCO3− values are examined to...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies
Medical History
Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate
A Ventilation assessment is critical for monitoring a patient's health status. Respiration, one of the most accessible vital signs, provides insights into the function of numerous body systems and can indicate serious health issues, such as brainstem injuries from head trauma.
Critical Guidelines for Assessing Ventilation:

