Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hand hygiene

Hand hygiene

Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...

Surface Membrane Barriers

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

Microbial Corrosion

Microbial Corrosion

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a significant form of material degradation caused by the metabolic activities of microorganisms. This phenomenon poses substantial challenges across various industries, including oil and gas, maritime, and water treatment sectors.MIC occurs when microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, and fungi, colonize metal surfaces, forming biofilms that alter the local electrochemical environment. These biofilms can lead to the production of corrosive...

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

BODIPY Photocage-Based Injectable Hydrogel for Light-Controlled Nanoparticle Release.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026

Same author

Safety and efficacy of mRNA vaccines: a mechanistic and public health perspective.

Lancet (London, England)·2026

Same author

Lipid nanoparticle formulations including stereochemically defined glycomacromolecules for delivery of saRNA.

Chemical science·2026

Same author

Systems vaccinology analysis of saRNA immunization identifies an acute innate immune signature correlated with adaptive immunity.

Molecular therapy. Advances·2026

Same author

SPRY domains encode ubiquitin ligase specificity for ZAP and RIG-I.

PLoS pathogens·2026

Same author

Modular Supramolecular Polycations Enable Efficient Delivery of Diverse RNA Therapeutics and Vaccines.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Published on: October 12, 2018

Microbicides: topical prevention against HIV.

Robin J Shattock¹, Zeda Rosenberg

¹Centre for Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom. shattock@sgul.ac.uk

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

|February 23, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New vaginal microbicides using potent antiretroviral drugs show promise for HIV prevention in women. Research is advancing, focusing on drug combinations and sustained delivery for better efficacy.

More Related Videos

Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs

Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs

Published on: December 9, 2010

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Published on: January 31, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Published on: October 12, 2018

Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs

Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs

Published on: December 9, 2010

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Humanized NOG Mice for Intravaginal HIV Exposure and Treatment of HIV Infection

Published on: January 31, 2020

Area of Science:

Virology
Public Health
Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

Microbicides offer a discreet HIV prevention method for women.
Early microbicides lacked efficacy, but newer antiretroviral (ARV)-based candidates show promise.
The CAPRISA 004 trial of tenofovir gel marked a significant advancement.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current development of ARV-based microbicides.
To discuss key considerations in ARV-based microbicide development.
To highlight the need for sustained-delivery formulations and integrated prevention strategies.

Main Methods:

Review of current research and clinical trial data on ARV-based microbicides.
Discussion of selection criteria, drug resistance, combination strategies, and PK/PD assessments.
Exploration of synergistic potential with other HIV prevention technologies.

Main Results:

Positive efficacy data from tenofovir gel trials support ARV-based microbicides.
Established consensus on selection criteria and PK/PD assessment methods.
Identified challenges including potential drug resistance and need for improved formulations.

Conclusions:

ARV-based microbicides represent a viable HIV prevention strategy for women.
Continued research is crucial for optimizing formulations and addressing drug resistance.
Integrating microbicides with other prevention methods may enhance overall HIV prevention efforts.