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The ABO Blood Group

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO blood group system is a critical element of transfusion medicine, essential for determining blood compatibility in transfusions and organ transplants. It is based on specific antigens, or agglutinogens, present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and corresponding antibodies, or agglutinins, in the blood plasma.
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. In the ABO blood group system,...

Blood Typing

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...

Blood Types

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...

Blood Transfusion

Blood Transfusion

Blood transfusion is a critical medical procedure that saves lives and treats various medical conditions. It involves transferring blood from a donor to a recipient. This process requires a thorough understanding of the ABO blood group system and its associated antigens and antibodies.
Blood Transfusion Overview
A blood transfusion is a medical procedure used to replace blood lost due to injury, surgery, or to treat conditions such as anemia or cancer. During a transfusion, donor blood is...

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...

Rh Blood Group

Rh Blood Group

The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Antigens Protected Functional Red Blood Cells By The Membrane Grafting Of Compact Hyperbranched Polyglycerols

Antigens Protected Functional Red Blood Cells By The Membrane Grafting Of Compact Hyperbranched Polyglycerols

Published on: January 2, 2013

XG: the forgotten blood group system.

N C Johnson¹

¹Immunohematology Reference Laboratory, Greater Chesapeake and Potomac Region, 4700 Mt. Hope Drive, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA.

Immunohematology

|February 24, 2012

Summary

The XG blood group system, involving Xg(a) and CD99 antigens on the X chromosome, is crucial for genetics and chromosome mapping. Its antigens have unique inheritance patterns and clinical significance in rare cases.

Area of Science:

Genetics
Immunology
Molecular Biology

Background:

The XG blood group system includes Xg(a) and CD99 antigens with a unique phenotypic relationship.
The XG gene is located on the X chromosome, with parts in the pseudoautosomal region.
The MIC2 gene, encoding CD99, is present in the pseudoautosomal regions of both X and Y chromosomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the genetics, inheritance, and clinical significance of the XG blood group system.
To highlight the relationship between Xg(a) and CD99 antigens.
To discuss the implications of XG and CD99 in genetic disorders and cancer.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on the XG blood group system.
Analysis of genetic location and inheritance patterns of XG and MIC2 genes.

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Published on: August 5, 2011

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Antigens Protected Functional Red Blood Cells By The Membrane Grafting Of Compact Hyperbranched Polyglycerols

Antigens Protected Functional Red Blood Cells By The Membrane Grafting Of Compact Hyperbranched Polyglycerols

Published on: January 2, 2013

FSL Constructs: A Simple Method for Modifying Cell/Virion Surfaces with a Range of Biological Markers Without Affecting their Viability

FSL Constructs: A Simple Method for Modifying Cell/Virion Surfaces with a Range of Biological Markers Without Affecting their Viability

Published on: August 5, 2011

Review of clinical data regarding anti-Xg(a) and anti-CD99 antibodies.

Main Results:

Xg(a) exhibits X-linked inheritance, while CD99 is encoded by the MIC2 gene in the pseudoautosomal region.
Anti-Xg(a) antibodies are rare and generally clinically insignificant, except for one case of severe hemolytic anemia.
Anti-CD99 antibodies are extremely rare, and their clinical significance is undetermined.
The XG gene is linked to several X-borne inherited disorders.
Elevated CD99 levels are associated with certain cancers.

Conclusions:

The XG blood group system provides valuable insights into X-linked inheritance and chromosome mapping.
While generally benign, rare alloanti-Xg(a) can cause severe hemolytic anemia.
CD99's role as an adhesion molecule and its association with cancer warrant further investigation.