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Related Concept Videos

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
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Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Identification of Hemolytic and Phospholipase Activity in Crude Extracts from Sea Anemones by Straightforward Bioassays
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Identification of Hemolytic and Phospholipase Activity in Crude Extracts from Sea Anemones by Straightforward Bioassays

Published on: March 29, 2022

Sea-originated cytotoxic substances.

Norihito Maru1, Daisuke Uemura

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Japan.

Advances in Food and Nutrition Research
|February 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Marine natural products offer a rich source of potential anticancer drugs, yet remain largely unexplored compared to terrestrial sources. Further research into these unique compounds could yield novel treatments for cancer.

Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Pharmacology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Cancer is a leading cause of global mortality, with increasing death rates worldwide.
  • Natural products and their synthetic derivatives are crucial sources for developing antitumor drugs.
  • Many existing anticancer drugs are derived from cytotoxic compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the potential of marine natural products in anticancer drug discovery.
  • To emphasize the under-exploration of marine-derived compounds in contrast to plant and bacterial sources.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on natural products as anticancer agents.
  • Comparative analysis of research focus on marine versus terrestrial natural products for drug discovery.

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In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
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In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

Published on: September 23, 2021

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

Identification of Hemolytic and Phospholipase Activity in Crude Extracts from Sea Anemones by Straightforward Bioassays
12:12

Identification of Hemolytic and Phospholipase Activity in Crude Extracts from Sea Anemones by Straightforward Bioassays

Published on: March 29, 2022

Lethality Bioassay Using Artemia salina L.
09:09

Lethality Bioassay Using Artemia salina L.

Published on: October 11, 2022

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells
08:02

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

Published on: September 23, 2021

Main Results:

  • Marine organisms have evolved unique bioactive compounds over millions of years.
  • Research in drug discovery has predominantly focused on plant and bacterial metabolites.
  • Marine natural products are a largely untapped resource for novel anticancer drug candidates.

Conclusions:

  • Marine natural products represent a significant, underexplored reservoir for novel anticancer drug discovery.
  • Increased focus on marine-derived compounds is warranted to expand the pipeline of antitumor therapies.