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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Related Experiment Video

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
10:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: July 22, 2008

Chromatin states accurately classify cell differentiation stages.

Jessica L Larson1, Guo-Cheng Yuan

  • 1Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.

Plos One
|February 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that cell differentiation stages can be accurately classified by analyzing genome-wide chromatin states. Cancer cell lines were identified as differentiated, with key differences linked to embryonic stem cell regulatory modules.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Gene expression relies on transcription factors and chromatin regulators.
  • Global chromatin state changes occur across cell types, but co-regulation during differentiation is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To computationally analyze genome-wide chromatin states in human cell lines.
  • To classify cell differentiation stages using chromatin state patterns.
  • To investigate chromatin regulation in normal and cancer cell lines.

Main Methods:

  • Assembled a dataset of 5 histone modifications in 27 human cell lines.
  • Performed computational analysis using three different representations.
  • Classified cell differentiation stages based on genome-wide chromatin state patterns.

Main Results:

  • Accurately classified normal cell lines (nearly 100% accuracy) based on differentiation stage.
  • Classified all cancer cell lines as differentiated.
  • Identified differential activities of three regulatory modules in cancer cells.
  • Found dynamic chromatin state changes in "hotspot" genes within multi-gene domains.

Conclusions:

  • Chromatin state patterns effectively classify cell differentiation stages.
  • Cancer cell lines exhibit characteristics of differentiated cells.
  • Specific gene clusters are associated with stable chromatin domains during differentiation.