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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased ATP...
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Visualization of Mitochondrial Respiratory Function using Cytochrome C Oxidase / Succinate Dehydrogenase (COX/SDH) Double-labeling Histochemistry
06:53

Visualization of Mitochondrial Respiratory Function using Cytochrome C Oxidase / Succinate Dehydrogenase (COX/SDH) Double-labeling Histochemistry

Published on: November 23, 2011

Mitochondrial function in Antarctic nototheniids with ND6 translocation.

Felix C Mark1, Magnus Lucassen, Anneli Strobel

  • 1Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany. fmark@awi.de

Plos One
|February 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Antarctic notothenioid fish possess unique adaptations making them vulnerable to warming. Their mitochondrial NADH Dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) gene translocation is functionally neutral, but altered amino acid sequences enhance cold adaptation, increasing sensitivity to ocean warming.

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Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans
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Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

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Visualization of Mitochondrial Respiratory Function using Cytochrome C Oxidase / Succinate Dehydrogenase (COX/SDH) Double-labeling Histochemistry
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10:13

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Published on: November 13, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Molecular Evolution
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Notothenioids dominate Antarctic fish biomass and species.
  • Unique adaptations to cold environments make them vulnerable to warming.
  • Mitochondrial gene translocation (ND6) is exclusive to notothenioids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate physiological consequences of ND6 translocation on electron transport system function and thermal sensitivity.
  • Analyze contributions of Complex I (NADH DH) and Complex II (Succinate DH) to oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Assess enzymatic activities in liver mitochondria and tissue extracts.

Main Methods:

  • Isolated liver mitochondria from Notothenia coriiceps and N. rossii.
  • Acute thermal challenge (0-15°C).
  • Measurement of mitochondrial respiration, enzymatic activities (NADH:Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase, Cytochrome C Oxidase), and oxidative phosphorylation.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial respiration and enzymatic function increased until 9°C.
  • Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase) showed higher thermal sensitivity than other complexes.
  • ND6 translocation was functionally neutral; amino acid changes support cold stenothermy.

Conclusions:

  • Antarctic notothenioids exhibit enhanced sensitivity to ocean warming.
  • Complex I's thermal sensitivity may stem from unique, less stable amino acid composition.
  • ND6 gene translocation is likely an adaptive, cold-stenothermal trait.