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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Published on: September 7, 2017

Transmethylation in immunity and autoimmunity.

Brian R Lawson1, Theodoros Eleftheriadis, Virginie Tardif

  • 1The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. blawson@scripps.edu

Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.)
|February 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Methylation is crucial for immune cell function, especially T cells. Understanding these epigenetic modifications may lead to new autoimmune disease treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Immune cell activation relies on signaling proteins and post-translational modifications.
  • Methylation of nucleic acids and proteins significantly impacts gene expression and protein function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the critical role of methylation in immunologic functions, particularly T cell activities.
  • To investigate the potential of methylation inhibitors in managing autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of emerging data on methylation's impact on immune cells.
  • Analysis of evidence linking methylation to T cell education, differentiation, and effector functions.
  • Examination of epigenetic alterations and their effects on immune responses.

Main Results:

  • Methylation events are highly dependent on T cell functions like thymic education and differentiation.
  • Methylation inhibitors show potential in curtailing autoimmune phenomena.
  • Epigenetic alterations from methylation influence both normal and abnormal immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Methylation plays a vital role in immunocyte biology and immune system regulation.
  • Further research into methylation's effects could enhance understanding of the immune system.
  • Targeting methylation pathways may offer novel therapeutic strategies for immune-related disorders.