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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...

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Interplay between gene expression noise and regulatory network architecture.

Guilhem Chalancon1, Charles N J Ravarani, S Balaji

  • 1MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK. guilhem@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|February 28, 2012
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Gene regulatory networks manage cellular processes, but gene expression noise causes cell variations. This study explores how network architecture interacts with noise to influence biological phenomena and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cellular processes are governed by complex gene regulatory networks.
  • Gene expression noise leads to cell-to-cell variability in protein levels within isogenic populations.
  • Cells employ strategies to manage expression noise, influencing biological outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interplay between gene regulatory network architecture and expression noise.
  • To understand how this interplay shapes various biological phenomena and disease states.
  • To review technological advancements enabling single-cell measurements in this field.

Main Methods:

  • Review and discussion of existing literature on gene regulatory networks and expression noise.
  • Analysis of noise's role at different organizational levels, from single interactions to entire networks.
  • Consideration of single-cell technologies for empirical validation.

Main Results:

  • Gene regulatory network architecture can generate, utilize, or be constrained by expression noise.
  • The interplay impacts pathogenicity, disease, adaptation, cell-fate determination, and penetrance.
  • Single-cell measurement technologies are advancing the study of these dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Expression noise is a critical factor shaped by and shaping gene regulatory networks.
  • Understanding this interplay is crucial for deciphering cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and evolutionary adaptation.
  • Future research directions involve leveraging single-cell data to further elucidate these complex relationships.