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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain
09:19

In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain

Published on: September 16, 2013

Evolution, expression, and developmental function of Hox-embedded miRNAs.

Jennifer H Mansfield1, Edwina McGlinn

  • 1Department of Biology, Barnard College, New York, USA.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|February 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs embedded within Hox gene clusters play a crucial role in regulating embryonic development. These microRNAs (miRNAs) fine-tune Hox protein activity, influencing spatial and temporal gene expression patterns.

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mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation
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mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain
09:19

In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain

Published on: September 16, 2013

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation
06:16

mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

Published on: May 1, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Hox proteins are essential transcription factors for early embryonic regionalization across many species.
  • Precise temporal and spatial regulation of Hox protein activity is critical for proper development.
  • Numerous regulatory mechanisms have evolved to control Hox gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary positioning of microRNAs (miRNAs) within Hox clusters.
  • To discuss the complex processing and target interactions of these embedded miRNAs.
  • To summarize the current understanding of Hox-embedded miRNA function in development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Hox gene clusters and microRNA regulation.
  • Comparative analysis of miRNA positioning across evolutionary timescales.
  • Examination of studies detailing miRNA processing and target recognition mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Identification of numerous microRNAs embedded within Hox clusters.
  • Evidence suggests these miRNAs target multiple Hox genes, impacting protein output.
  • Discovery of complex processing pathways and target interaction networks for these miRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • Hox-embedded miRNAs represent a significant layer of regulatory control over Hox gene function.
  • Their evolution and complex interactions highlight their importance in shaping developmental outcomes.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the functional roles of these miRNAs in development.