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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
Although bacterial genomes are much...
Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Bacterial Phylum Firmicutes01:27

Bacterial Phylum Firmicutes

Firmicutes is a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria characterized by a low GC content in their genomes. This phylum includes organisms with monoderm or diderm cell envelopes, highlighting a complex evolutionary history. Firmicutes comprises several major orders, including Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, and Bacillales, which exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, metabolism, and ecological roles.The order Lactobacillales includes lactic acid bacteria, which are fermentative...

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Characterization of a Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strain Derived from Oreochromis spp. Farms Using Whole-Genome Sequencing
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Comparative analysis of the first complete Enterococcus faecium genome.

Margaret M C Lam1, Torsten Seemann, Dieter M Bulach

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Journal of Bacteriology
|February 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) infections are a growing threat. Researchers have sequenced the complete genome of the VRE strain Aus0004, revealing key genetic elements contributing to its virulence and resistance.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a significant cause of healthcare-associated infections globally.
  • Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) infections are increasingly prevalent, posing a major public health challenge.
  • Limited genomic data for E. faecium has hindered comparative and functional studies of this pathogen.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide the first complete genome sequence of a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strain.
  • To identify genetic factors contributing to the virulence and antibiotic resistance of E. faecium.
  • To establish a genomic resource for understanding the emergence and spread of VRE.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-genome sequencing of the E. faecium strain Aus0004.
  • Bioinformatic analysis to assemble the genome and identify genes, plasmids, and mobile genetic elements.
  • Comparative genomic analysis with other E. faecium isolates.

Main Results:

  • The complete 3.0-Mb genome of E. faecium Aus0004 consists of a 2.9-Mb chromosome and three plasmids.
  • The genome contains virulence factors (e.g., enterococcal surface protein, hemolysin) and the vanB vancomycin resistance element.
  • A large accessory genome (38%) includes prophages and genomic islands, with evidence of a large chromosomal inversion.
  • The strain possesses numerous insertion sequences and unique genetic features.

Conclusions:

  • The complete genome sequence of E. faecium Aus0004 provides critical insights into the genetic basis of VRE.
  • This genomic resource will aid in understanding VRE pathogenesis, evolution, and the development of targeted interventions.
  • The findings highlight the complex genomic architecture of VRE and its potential for adaptation and spread.