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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease
04:23

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

Encephalitis caused by flaviviruses.

L Turtle1, M J Griffiths, T Solomon

  • 1Institute of Infection & Global Health, The University of Liverpool, The Apex Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK. lturtle@liverpool.ac.uk

QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians
|February 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flaviviruses cause encephalitis, but most infections are mild. The immune response, while fighting the virus, can paradoxically cause severe neurological damage and death in some individuals.

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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus
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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neurovirology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Flavivirus genus (family Flaviviridae) includes significant arboviral pathogens causing encephalitis.
  • Key examples include Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and tick-borne encephalitis virus.
  • Most infections are asymptomatic, but a minority develop severe neurological disease, permanent damage, or death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding flavivirus encephalitis pathogenesis.
  • To explore the complex virus-host interactions determining disease severity.
  • To elucidate the dual role of the immune response in flavivirus infections.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on flavivirus encephalitis.
  • Analysis of immune response mechanisms in flavivirus pathogenesis.
  • Synthesis of findings on factors influencing disease outcome.

Main Results:

  • The immune response is critical for viral containment but can also cause neurological damage.
  • Innate immune responses may lead to pathological inflammation.
  • Neutralizing antibodies are protective but have a delayed onset.
  • The role of T cells in flavivirus encephalitis remains complex, potentially protective or pathogenic.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding flavivirus pathogenesis requires further investigation into virus-host interactions.
  • The immune system plays a complex, often dichotomous, role in flavivirus-induced encephalitis.
  • Recent research highlights the intricate mechanisms underlying severe neurological outcomes in flavivirus infections.