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Related Concept Videos

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
DNA Isolation01:34

DNA Isolation

DNA from cells is required for many biotechnology and research applications, such as molecular cloning. To remove and purify DNA from cells, researchers use various methods of DNA extraction. While the specifics of different protocols may vary, some general concepts underlie the process of DNA extraction.
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology
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Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidants for Cosmetic Applications Using Polyol-Based Technology

Published on: August 23, 2024

Extraction and isolation of phenolic compounds.

Celestino Santos-Buelga1, Susana Gonzalez-Manzano, Montserrat Dueñas

  • 1Grupo de Investigación de Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. csb@usal.es

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|February 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Extracting diverse plant phenolic compounds requires tailored methods due to variations in structure and stability. This review covers key techniques for optimizing phenolic compound isolation from various plant materials.

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Extraction and Purification of Polyphenols from Freeze-dried Berry Powder for the Treatment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro

Published on: July 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Plant biochemistry and natural product chemistry.
  • Analytical chemistry and separation sciences.

Background:

  • Phenolic compounds are diverse plant secondary metabolites with varied structures (aglycones, glycosides, polymers) and occurrence (free, bound).
  • Their distribution and stability within plant matrices are highly variable, complicating extraction and isolation.
  • A universal extraction protocol for all phenolics and plant types is not feasible.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and present the main techniques for sample preparation, extraction, and isolation of phenolic compounds.
  • To highlight the need for optimized, sample-specific procedures for phenolic compound analysis.
  • To cover a range of methods from classical to modern approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Review of classical solvent extraction procedures.
  • Discussion of advanced techniques including molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs).
  • Exploration of counter-current chromatography (CCC) for phenolic compound isolation.

Main Results:

  • Extraction and isolation protocols must be optimized based on sample matrix, target phenolics, and study objectives.
  • Classical methods remain relevant but often require modification.
  • Modern techniques offer improved selectivity and efficiency for specific phenolic compounds.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized, tailored approaches are essential for effective extraction and isolation of diverse plant phenolic compounds.
  • The choice of method depends critically on the specific phenolic analytes and the plant material.
  • Continued development of innovative techniques is crucial for advancing phenolic compound research.