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Updated: May 24, 2026

High-precision Electromagnetic Flowmeter with Empty Pipe Detection via Complex Programmable Logic Device-based Waveform Recognition
Published on: June 27, 2025
Sap flow sensors: construction, quality control and comparison
Tyler W Davis1, Chen-Min Kuo, Xu Liang
1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street 941 Benedum Engineering Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. twd2@pitt.edu
Abstract:
This work provides a design for two types of sensors, based on the thermal dissipation and heat ratio methods of sap flow calculation, for moderate to large scale deployments for the purpose of monitoring tree transpiration. These designs include a procedure for making these sensors, a quality control method for the final products, and a complete list of components with vendors and pricing information. Both sensor designs were field tested alongside a commercial sap flow sensor to assess their performance and show the importance for quality controlling the sensor outputs. Results show that for roughly 2% of the cost of commercial sensors, self-made sap flow sensors can provide acceptable estimates of the sap flow measurements compared to the commercial sensors.
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