Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 24, 2026

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence
Published on: December 23, 2022
Pharmacological closure of the patent ductus arteriosus
Abstract:
Pharmacological closure by indomethacin is customary if symptoms of PDA are not controlled adequately with fluid restriction and diuretics. Its use, however, requires a comprehensive clinical assessment of all the vital perinatal factors and a vigilant monitoring of the sick infant. Prophylactic use of indomethacin is discouraged. The decision to use pharmacological versus surgical treatment or both should be individualized based on evidence-based research and clinician's own experience. Surgical ligation remains the primary mode of therapy in cases of pharmacological treatment failure or recurrence.
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