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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint
07:09

In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint

Published on: March 7, 2014

[Anabolic action of PTH under the loading/unloading condition].

Akinori Sakai1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan.

Clinical Calcium
|February 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) effectively preserves bone mass in animal models of unloading and immobilization. High-dose PTH demonstrated significant benefits for trabecular bone volume, suggesting clinical potential for osteoporosis treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Biology
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • Osteoporosis treatment in Japan includes parathyroid hormone (PTH) administration via subcutaneous injection (daily or weekly).
  • Bone anabolic effects of PTH are influenced by dosage, loading conditions, and skeletal site, as evidenced by animal studies.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the efficacy of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in preserving bone formation and volume under conditions of immobilization and unloading.
  • To determine the dose-dependent effects of PTH on trabecular and periosteal bone in response to reduced mechanical loading.

Summary:

  • PTH administration maintained trabecular bone formation rates comparable to normal loading conditions, even when reduced by immobilization or unloading.
  • Low-dose PTH did not fully preserve periosteal bone formation reduced by unloading.

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Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats
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Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats

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Last Updated: May 24, 2026

In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint
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Published on: March 7, 2014

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

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Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats
05:55

Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats

Published on: September 27, 2024

  • High-dose PTH (40μg/kg BW) completely prevented the loss of trabecular bone volume caused by immobilization in mice.

    • Impact:

    • These findings suggest that PTH could be a clinically valuable therapeutic agent for mitigating bone loss associated with immobilization and unloading.
    • The results support the potential of PTH in managing osteoporosis, particularly in patients experiencing reduced physical activity.